Android operating system-
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified
version of the Linux
kernel and
other open
source software
and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, Google has further developed Android TV for
televisions, Android
Auto for
cars, and Wear
OS for
wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are
also used on game
consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other
electronics.
|
Android
 |
|
 |
|
|
Developer
|
Google,
Open Handset Alliance |
|
Written in
|
Java (UI), C (core), C++ and
others
|
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OS family
|
Unix-like (Modified
Linux kernel)
|
|
Working state
|
Current
|
|
Source model
|
Open source (most
devices include proprietary components, such as Google
Play)
|
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Initial release
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September 23,
2008
|
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Latest release
|
9.0 "Pie" / August 6, 2018
|
|
Latest preview
|
Android P /
July 25, 2018
|
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Marketing target
|
Smartphones, tablet computers, smartTVs(Android TV), Android Auto and smartwatches (Wear OS)
|
|
Available in
|
|
|
Package manager
|
APK (primarily
through Google Play;
installation of APKs also possible locally or from alternative sources such
as F-Droid)
|
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Platforms
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32- and 64-bit ARM, x86 and x86-64
|
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Kernel type
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Monolithic (modified Linux kernel)
|
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Userland
|
Bionic libc, mkshshell, Toybox as core
utilities (beginning with Android 6.0)
|
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Default user interface
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Graphical (multi-touch)
|
|
License
|
Apache License 2.0
GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernelmodifications |
|
Official website
|
android.com
|
Initially
developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in
2007, with the first
commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The operating system has since
gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 9.0 "Pie", released in August
2018. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project
(AOSP), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License.
Android
is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, called Google Mobile Services (GMS) that very
frequently comes pre-installed in devices, which usually includes the Google Chrome web browser
and Google
Search and
always includes core apps for services such as Gmail, as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play, and associated development platform. These apps are
licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed
by Google, but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems,
such as Amazon.com's Fire OS, which use their own
equivalents to GMS.
Android
has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets
since 2013. As of May 2017, it has over two billion monthly active users,
the largest installed
base of
any operating system, and as of June 2018, the Google Playstore features over
3.3 million apps.
Android
version History
|
Code
name |
Version
number |
Linux kernel
version |
Initial release
date |
API
level |
|
(No codename)
|
1.0
|
?
|
September 23, 2008
|
1
|
|
Petit Four
|
1.1
|
2.6
|
February 9, 2009
|
2
|
|
Cupcake
|
1.5
|
2.6.27
|
April 27, 2009
|
3
|
|
Donut
|
1.6
|
2.6.29
|
September 15, 2009
|
4
|
|
Eclair
|
2.0 – 2.1
|
2.6.29
|
October 26, 2009
|
5 – 7
|
|
Froyo
|
2.2 – 2.2.3
|
2.6.32
|
May 20, 2010
|
8
|
|
Gingerbread
|
2.3 – 2.3.7
|
2.6.35
|
December 6, 2010
|
9 – 10
|
|
Honeycomb
|
3.0 – 3.2.6
|
2.6.36
|
February 22, 2011
|
11 – 13
|
|
Ice Cream Sandwich
|
4.0 – 4.0.4
|
3.0.1
|
October 18, 2011
|
14 – 15
|
|
Jelly Bean
|
4.1 – 4.3.1
|
3.0.31 to 3.4.39
|
July 9, 2012
|
16 – 18
|
|
KitKat
|
4.4 – 4.4.4
|
3.10
|
October 31, 2013
|
19 – 20
|
|
Lollipop
|
5.0 – 5.1.1
|
3.16
|
November 12, 2014
|
|
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Marshmallow
|
6.0 – 6.0.1
|
3.18
|
October 5, 2015
|
23
|
|
Nougat
|
7.0 – 7.1.2
|
4.4
|
August 22, 2016
|
24 – 25
|
|
Oreo
|
8.0 – 8.1
|
4.10
|
August 21, 2017
|
26 – 27
|
|
Pie
|
9.0
|
4.4.107, 4.9.84, and
4.14.42
|
August 6, 2018
|
28
|
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